Also: DishBrain, Pong, biocomputing, brain organoids
Living neurons grown on electrodes and connected to computers.
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Smirnova and colleagues coined "organoid intelligence" and laid out a research program for biocomputing with brain organoids, with an embedded ethics approach.
As reported in: Smirnova, Caffo, Gracias et al. (2023). Organoid intelligence (OI): the new frontier in biocomputing and intelligence-in-a-dish. Frontiers in Science. doi:10.3389/fsci.2023.1017235
Kagan and colleagues connected human or rodent neuron cultures to a multielectrode array in a simulated Pong game and saw apparent learning within five minutes, which depended on closed-loop feedback.
As reported in: Kagan, Kitchen, Tran et al. (2022). In vitro neurons learn and exhibit sentience when embodied in a simulated game-world. Neuron. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2022.09.001