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Photoelectric effect and wave–particle duality: uses in research

Also: photons, double-slit experiment, electron diffraction, Tonomura

Light behaves as particles, and electrons behave as waves.

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Timeline

  1. 1905 Einstein's light quanta
  2. 1916 Millikan measures h
  3. 1927 Electrons diffract
  4. 1989 Single-electron double-slit movie

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lab physics 1905

Einstein's light quanta

Einstein's 1905 paper proposing a heuristic viewpoint on the production and transformation of light (light quanta).

As reported in: Einstein (1905). Über einen die Erzeugung und Verwandlung des Lichtes betreffenden heuristischen Gesichtspunkt. Annalen der Physik. doi:10.1002/andp.19053220607

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lab physics 1916

Millikan measures h

Millikan made a direct photoelectric determination of Planck's constant h.

As reported in: Millikan (1916). A Direct Photoelectric Determination of Planck's "h". Physical Review. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.7.355

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lab physics 1927

Electrons diffract

Davisson and Germer measured electron beams diffracted by a nickel crystal.

As reported in: Davisson, Germer (1927). Diffraction of Electrons by a Crystal of Nickel. Physical Review. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.30.705

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lab physics 1989

Single-electron double-slit movie

Tonomura and colleagues filmed an interference pattern building up one electron at a time in a two-slit-type experiment, demonstrating wave–particle duality.

As reported in: Tonomura, Endo, Matsuda et al. (1989). Demonstration of single-electron buildup of an interference pattern. American Journal of Physics. doi:10.1119/1.16104

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