Also: BCI, Utah array, neural dust, neuroprosthetics
Brain-computer interfaces read signals from the brain to control computers or robotic limbs. Many human studies use the Utah array, a tiny bed of silicon needles.
Readiness: lab lab studies · prototype demonstrated objects · commercial products or buildings in real use · review summaries of other studies.
Maynard, Nordhausen and Normann described the Utah intracortical array as a recording structure for brain-computer interfaces.
Built / tested: Utah array
As reported in: Maynard, Nordhausen, Normann (1997). The Utah Intracortical Electrode Array: A recording structure for potential brain-computer interfaces. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology. doi:10.1016/S0013-4694(96)95176-0
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Hochberg and colleagues reported a man with paralysis controlling a computer cursor and devices with an implanted array.
Built / tested: BrainGate
As reported in: Hochberg, Serruya, Friehs et al. (2006). Neuronal ensemble control of prosthetic devices by a human with tetraplegia. Nature. doi:10.1038/nature04970
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Hochberg and colleagues showed people with tetraplegia reaching and grasping with a robotic arm controlled by brain signals.
As reported in: Hochberg, Bacher, Jarosiewicz et al. (2012). Reach and grasp by people with tetraplegia using a neurally controlled robotic arm. Nature. doi:10.1038/nature11076
Collinger and colleagues reported smooth multi-direction control of a prosthetic arm by a woman with tetraplegia.
As reported in: Collinger, Wodlinger, Downey et al. (2013). High-performance neuroprosthetic control by an individual with tetraplegia. The Lancet. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61816-9
Willett and colleagues decoded imagined handwriting into text at about 90 characters per minute.
As reported in: Willett, Avansino, Hochberg et al. (2021). High-performance brain-to-text communication via handwriting. Nature. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03506-2
Seo and colleagues recorded nerve signals in rats with tiny wireless sensors powered by ultrasound.
Built / tested: neural dust
As reported in: Seo, Neely, Shen et al. (2016). Wireless Recording in the Peripheral Nervous System with Ultrasonic Neural Dust. Neuron. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2016.06.034